CT Scanner
4
Feb

Overview

A CT scanner acquires x ray projections to reconstruct cross sectional images. Modern scanners offer multiple detector rows and fast rotation times. CT is central to trauma and diagnostic imaging.

Key Components

Components include x ray tube detectors gantry and patient table. The detector design and reconstruction algorithms influence image quality. Cooling and power systems support continuous operation.

Operational Considerations

Protocol optimization balances image quality and radiation dose. Contrast timing and patient positioning affect diagnostic yield. Regular calibration and QA maintain consistent performance.

Safety and Maintenance

Radiation shielding and dose monitoring protect patients and staff. Preventive maintenance reduces downtime and extends equipment life. Service contracts ensure timely repairs and parts replacement.

MRI Coil
4
Feb

Overview

An MRI coil receives radiofrequency signals from the body to form images. Coils are designed for specific anatomy to improve signal to noise. Proper coil selection enhances diagnostic quality.

Types and Uses

Surface coils phased array coils and volume coils serve different clinical needs. Dedicated coils exist for head spine breast and cardiac imaging. Coil geometry affects image uniformity and resolution.

Handling and Care

Coils require careful handling to avoid damage and preserve performance. Regular inspection and cleaning prevent artifacts and infection risk. Manufacturer guidelines should be followed for maintenance.

Compatibility

Coil compatibility with scanner models and software is essential. Firmware updates and connectors must match vendor specifications. Verification testing ensures safe and effective operation.

Arthrogram Shoulder
4
Feb

Overview

Shoulder arthrography injects contrast into the glenohumeral joint under imaging guidance to evaluate labral tears and rotator cuff pathology. Fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance ensures accurate intra articular placement. Arthrography is often combined with MRI for enhanced soft tissue visualization.

Technique

Perform sterile joint injection under fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance and confirm intra articular contrast distribution. Use appropriate contrast type and volume for the planned imaging study. Monitor the patient for immediate adverse reactions.

Clinical Indications

Arthrogram is indicated for suspected labral tear adhesive capsulitis and occult rotator cuff pathology. It enhances detection of intra articular abnormalities when MRI alone is inconclusive. Post procedure MRI or CT arthrography provides detailed assessment.

Image Assessment

Evaluate contrast filling defects labral detachment and capsular irregularity. Assess for contrast extravasation indicating capsular rupture. Report findings to guide surgical planning and arthroscopic intervention.

Stress Views Hand Wrist
4
Feb

Overview

Stress radiographs apply controlled force to evaluate ligamentous integrity and joint stability in the wrist and hand. They are performed under fluoroscopic guidance or with manual stress during radiography. Stress views help determine need for surgical stabilization.

Technique

Apply varus valgus or axial stress while obtaining targeted projections of the wrist or hand. Use protective measures and informed consent due to discomfort risk. Document the applied stress and technique used for reproducibility.

Clinical Indications

Stress views are indicated for suspected scapholunate instability ulnar collateral ligament injury and carpal instability. They assess dynamic widening or subluxation not evident on static views. MRI may be used to directly visualize ligament tears when needed.

Image Assessment

Measure joint space widening and compare with the contralateral side. Evaluate for dynamic subluxation and associated fractures. Report findings to guide orthopedic decision making and potential surgical repair.

Weightbearing Foot AP Lateral
4
Feb

Overview

Weightbearing foot radiographs assess alignment and joint space under physiologic load. AP and lateral weightbearing views reveal flatfoot cavus deformity and joint collapse not seen on non weightbearing studies. These views guide orthotic and surgical planning.

Technique

Obtain AP and lateral radiographs with the patient standing and bearing equal weight on both feet. Center the detector to the mid foot and use appropriate exposure for increased soft tissue thickness. Ensure consistent foot positioning for serial comparison.

Clinical Indications

Weightbearing foot views are indicated for deformity assessment hallux valgus and arthritis evaluation. They reveal functional collapse and alignment issues relevant to treatment. Non weightbearing views may underestimate deformity severity.

Image Assessment

Evaluate arch height talonavicular coverage and metatarsal alignment under load. Assess joint space narrowing and subluxation. Report findings relevant to orthotic prescription and surgical planning.

Spine Scoliosis Standing AP
4
Feb

Overview

Standing AP full spine radiographs evaluate coronal curvature and spinal alignment under physiologic load. The patient stands with arms positioned to avoid obscuring the spine. This view is essential for scoliosis screening and monitoring progression.

Technique

Obtain a full length AP radiograph from the cervical to the sacral region with the patient standing erect. Use consistent positioning and include a calibration marker for measurement. Ensure equal weight distribution and standardized arm positioning.

Clinical Indications

Full spine standing AP is indicated for scoliosis screening adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and preoperative planning. It quantifies Cobb angles and assesses coronal balance. Serial imaging monitors curve progression and treatment response.

Image Assessment

Measure Cobb angles identify curve apex and evaluate coronal balance and pelvic obliquity. Assess for vertebral anomalies and rotational deformity. Report findings to guide orthopedic management and bracing or surgical decisions.

Pediatric Chest AP
4
Feb

Overview

Pediatric AP chest radiographs are tailored for children and infants to evaluate respiratory disease and congenital anomalies. The projection is often AP due to patient cooperation and equipment constraints. Exposure factors are adjusted to minimize radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic quality.

Technique

Use size specific exposure settings and immobilization aids to reduce motion. Position the child supine or upright as tolerated and center the detector to the chest. Provide comfort measures and parental presence to improve cooperation.

Clinical Indications

Pediatric chest radiographs are indicated for suspected pneumonia bronchiolitis and congenital heart disease evaluation. They assess lung volumes cardiac size and airway position. Ultrasound and CT are used selectively when additional detail is required.

Image Assessment

Evaluate lung aeration perihilar markings and cardiac silhouette appropriate for age. Look for air bronchograms lobar consolidation and foreign bodies. Report findings with pediatric specific considerations and recommend follow up imaging when indicated.

Portable Chest AP
4
Feb

Overview

Portable AP chest radiographs are obtained at the bedside for critically ill or immobile patients. The projection results in cardiac magnification and altered lung volumes compared with PA views. Portable imaging enables rapid assessment of lines tubes and acute cardiopulmonary changes.

Technique

Place the detector behind the patient and center to the chest with the x ray tube anterior. Use appropriate exposure and document patient position and limitations. Ensure staff use radiation protection and maintain distance during exposure.

Clinical Indications

Portable chest is indicated for ICU patients postoperative assessment and trauma when transport is unsafe. It evaluates endotracheal tube placement central lines and pleural effusions. Follow up upright imaging is recommended when patient condition allows.

Image Assessment

Account for projectional magnification and rotation when interpreting cardiac size and lung volumes. Evaluate for pneumothorax consolidation and device position. Correlate with clinical status and recommend further imaging if needed.

Nasal Bones AP Lateral
4
Feb

Overview

AP and lateral nasal bone radiographs assess nasal bone alignment and detect fractures. The AP view images the nasal bones en face while the lateral view profiles displacement. These views are used for initial trauma assessment when CT is not immediately available.

Technique

Obtain AP and lateral projections with the detector centered to the nasal bones and use appropriate exposure. Ensure minimal rotation and immobilize the head to reduce motion. Remove external nasal splints or dressings when safe to do so.

Clinical Indications

Nasal bone radiographs are indicated for trauma with suspected nasal fracture and deformity. They help detect displaced fractures and septal deviation. CT provides detailed assessment for complex facial trauma and surgical planning.

Image Assessment

Assess nasal bone continuity displacement and associated soft tissue swelling. Evaluate for septal hematoma and recommend ENT consultation when indicated. Document findings relevant to cosmetic and functional outcomes.

Sinus Waters
4
Feb

Overview

The Waters projection images the maxillary sinuses and anterior ethmoid air cells with the chin elevated. It is useful for detecting sinusitis fluid levels and facial fractures. Proper head extension optimizes sinus visualization.

Technique

Position the patient with the chin extended so the orbitomeatal line forms a 37 degree angle to the detector. Center the detector to the maxillary sinuses and use appropriate exposure. Immobilize the head to reduce motion artifact.

Clinical Indications

Waters sinus view is indicated for sinusitis facial trauma and suspected maxillary sinus disease. It helps detect air fluid levels and mucosal thickening. CT is preferred for detailed sinus and orbital assessment when needed.

Image Assessment

Evaluate maxillary sinus aeration fluid levels and bony integrity. Inspect for orbital floor fractures and foreign bodies. Recommend CT for complex disease or surgical planning.