Overview
The placenta mediates nutrient gas and waste exchange between maternal and fetal circulations and produces hormones to support pregnancy. Fetal membranes including amnion and chorion protect the fetus and maintain amniotic fluid. Placental health is critical for fetal growth and pregnancy outcome.
Placental Structure
The placenta consists of maternal decidua and fetal chorionic villi with intervillous spaces for exchange. Vascular development and placental implantation determine perfusion and nutrient delivery. Abnormalities such as placenta previa and accreta pose obstetric risks.
Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid
The amnion encloses the amniotic cavity and fluid that cushions the fetus and supports development. Membrane rupture and oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios affect fetal well being and delivery planning. Ultrasound monitors placental position and fluid volume.
Clinical Relevance
Placental insufficiency fetal growth restriction and placental abruption require timely diagnosis and management. Obstetric ultrasound and Doppler assess placental function and fetal status. Multidisciplinary obstetric care optimizes maternal and fetal outcomes.