Overview

The pancreas has exocrine acinar tissue that secretes digestive enzymes and endocrine islets that regulate glucose metabolism. It lies retroperitoneal adjacent to the duodenum and stomach and drains via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic function is essential for digestion and metabolic homeostasis.

Exocrine Function

Acinar cells produce enzymes such as amylase lipase and proteases for digestion. Ductal cells modify secretions and transport enzymes to the duodenum. Obstruction or inflammation impairs digestion and causes pain.

Endocrine Function

Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin glucagon and other hormones to regulate blood glucose. Beta cell dysfunction leads to diabetes mellitus. Imaging and laboratory tests assess structural and functional pancreatic disease.

Clinical Relevance

Pancreatitis pancreatic neoplasms and cystic lesions are major clinical concerns. CT MRI and endoscopic ultrasound aid diagnosis staging and intervention. Early management of acute pancreatitis reduces complications.