| Radiology (Diagnostic Radiology) | Medical imaging | Interpret X‑ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine; image‑guided procedures | Hospitals, imaging centers | MD/DO → 5‑yr residency |
| Interventional Radiology (IR) | Image‑guided minimally invasive procedures | Angiography, stenting, embolization, biopsies, tumor ablation | Hospitals, IR suites | DR residency → 2‑yr IR fellowship or integrated IR residency |
| Internal Medicine (IM) | Adult medical care | Chronic disease management, diagnostics, preventive care | Hospitals, clinics | MD/DO → 3‑yr residency |
| Family Medicine | All‑ages primary care | Acute care, chronic disease, preventive medicine | Clinics, community health | MD/DO → 3‑yr residency |
| Pediatrics | Children & adolescents | Growth, development, childhood illnesses | Hospitals, clinics | MD/DO → 3‑yr residency |
| Obstetrics & Gynecology (OB/GYN) | Women’s reproductive health | Pregnancy care, childbirth, gynecologic surgery | Hospitals, clinics | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| General Surgery | Surgical treatment | Abdominal, trauma, endocrine, breast surgery | Hospitals, surgical centers | MD/DO → 5‑yr residency |
| Orthopedic Surgery | Musculoskeletal system | Fracture repair, joint replacement, sports injuries | Hospitals, ortho centers | MD/DO → 5‑yr residency |
| Cardiology | Heart & vascular disease | ECGs, catheterizations, heart failure care | Hospitals, cardiology clinics | IM → 3‑yr fellowship |
| Gastroenterology | Digestive system | Endoscopy, liver disease, GI disorders | Hospitals, GI centers | IM → 3‑yr fellowship |
| Pulmonology | Lungs & respiratory system | Asthma, COPD, bronchoscopy, critical care | Hospitals, ICUs | IM → 2‑3 yr fellowship |
| Neurology | Brain & nervous system | Stroke, seizures, neurodegenerative disease | Hospitals, neurology clinics | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| Psychiatry | Mental health | Diagnosis & treatment of mental illness | Hospitals, outpatient psychiatry | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| Dermatology | Skin, hair, nails | Skin cancer, rashes, cosmetic procedures | Clinics, surgical suites | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| Emergency Medicine | Acute & life‑threatening conditions | Trauma, resuscitation, rapid diagnostics | Emergency departments | MD/DO → 3‑4 yr residency |
| Anesthesiology | Perioperative care & pain management | Anesthesia, airway management, critical care | ORs, ICUs, pain clinics | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| Pathology | Laboratory diagnosis | Tissue analysis, autopsies, lab oversight | Hospitals, labs | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| Urology | Urinary & male reproductive systems | Kidney stones, prostate disease, urologic surgery | Hospitals, clinics | MD/DO → 5‑6 yr residency |
| Otolaryngology (ENT) | Ear, nose, throat | Sinus surgery, hearing disorders, head & neck surgery | Hospitals, ENT clinics | MD/DO → 5‑yr residency |
| Ophthalmology | Eyes & vision | Cataract surgery, glaucoma, retinal disease | Clinics, surgical centers | MD/DO → 4‑yr residency |
| Endocrinology | Hormone & metabolic disorders | Diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal disorders | Hospitals, clinics | IM → 2‑3 yr fellowship |
| Nephrology | Kidney disease | Dialysis, hypertension, renal failure | Hospitals, dialysis centers | IM → 2‑3 yr fellowship |
| Rheumatology | Autoimmune & inflammatory disease | Arthritis, lupus, connective tissue disorders | Hospitals, clinics | IM → 2‑3 yr fellowship |
| Oncology (Medical Oncology) | Cancer diagnosis & treatment | Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, cancer management | Cancer centers, hospitals | IM → 3‑yr fellowship |
| Hematology | Blood disorders | Anemia, clotting disorders, leukemias | Hospitals, cancer centers | IM → 2‑3 yr fellowship |
