Overview
Tendons connect muscle to bone transmitting contractile force while ligaments connect bone to bone providing joint stability. Both are composed of dense collagen fibers with specialized cells and limited vascularity. Mechanical loading and microtrauma influence adaptation and injury risk.
Tendon Structure and Function
Tendons have hierarchical collagen organization with tenocytes and a surrounding paratenon. They adapt to loading through remodeling but heal slowly due to limited blood supply. Tendinopathy results from overuse degeneration and microtears.
Ligament Structure and Function
Ligaments contain collagen bundles and fibroblasts that resist joint translation and rotation. Injury leads to instability and altered joint mechanics. Surgical reconstruction and rehabilitation restore stability and function.
Clinical Relevance
Tendon tears and ligament sprains are common in sports and trauma requiring imaging and targeted therapy. Ultrasound and MRI assess integrity and guide interventions such as repair or injection. Prevention and graded rehabilitation reduce recurrence.