Overview
The endocrine system regulates metabolism growth reproduction and homeostasis via hormones secreted by glands. Major glands include the pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenals pancreas and gonads. Hormonal feedback loops maintain physiologic balance.
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls pituitary hormone release via releasing and inhibiting factors. The pituitary secretes trophic hormones that regulate peripheral endocrine glands. Pituitary dysfunction affects multiple downstream systems.
Thyroid Parathyroid and Adrenals
The thyroid regulates metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis via thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormone. Adrenal glands produce cortisol aldosterone and catecholamines for stress response and electrolyte balance. Imaging and biochemical tests evaluate glandular disorders.
Clinical Relevance
Endocrine disorders include hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism adrenal insufficiency and pituitary tumors. Imaging such as ultrasound CT and MRI localize lesions and guide therapy. Hormone assays complement imaging for diagnosis and monitoring.